1. Between-subjects design is to __________ subjects as within-subjects design is to __________ subjects.
2. A(n) __________ is a classification or measure of the properties of people, animals, objects, or events.
3. When the relationship observed between the independent and dependent variables in one study generalizes to other subjects, settings, and types of measures, it is said that the results have __________ validity.
4. Researchers are interested in the effect of fear on the motivation to quit smoking. They administer a film to a group of smokers showing diseased lungs as well as lip, throat, and mouth cancers. At the time of the study, the most recent findings of the Surgeon General's Office on the hazards of smoking are released. A comparison of the number of cigarettes smoked by the group before and after the film shows a sharp reduction in smoking. The dependent variable in this study is the __________.
5. John Stuart Mill believed that varying the circumstances, i.e., observing the phenomena you are studying under varying conditions, could be done by __________.
6. A research design in which neither the patients nor the observers know which patients got the placebo and which the active drug is called a ______ study.
7. Classroom observers became very bored during the six-month course of a study and consequently got careless in the recording of the children's problem behaviors. This represents the threat to internal validity called __________.
8. Which of the following strategies did Pavlov use to control for rival hypotheses in his classical conditioning experiments?
9. Qualitative is to __________ as quantitative is to __________.
10. A researcher tested the hypothesis that Ritalin helps control the distracted behavior of children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). She randomly assigned half of the children to a group receiving Ritalin and the other half to a group receiving a placebo. She had classroom observers record the frequency of distracted behaviors for each group. The observers were unaware of the experimental groups for each child observed. This study used a __________ design.
11. __________ refers to any effects of taking a test on the scores of a second testing.
12. Which of the following control strategies would be best for controlling for education in a study on level of occupational attainment?
