Chapter 10

1. In the interrupted time-series design __________.

the addition of several pretreatment and posttreatment observations allows the researcher to assess trends before and after treatment

the order of treatments can be alternated or randomized

comparisons of no treatment and treatment phases can be made

the posttest observations fail to control statistical regression

2. __________ measures have zero reactivity.

Unobtrusive

Molar

Functional

Molecular

3. Which of the following is an example of probability sampling?

critical cases

simple random samples

snowball samples

convenience samples

4. People who commit suicide sometimes leave notes. A researcher analyzed the contents of suicide notes in order to explain why people commit suicide. This study has the flaw of __________.

archival data

observer bias

selective survival

selective deposit

5. The threat to internal validity resulting from normal fluctuations in measures is called:

mortality.

history.

maturation.

instability.

6. The problem with telephone interviews is that __________.

they are inconvenient

they cannot be conducted with simple random sampling

they place restrictions on the length and complexity of the interview

they are more expensive than other methods

7. In __________ sampling, the population is classified into subgroups and simple random samples are taken from each subgroup.

snowball

simple random

cluster

stratified

8. An elaborate, sometimes pictorial, system for classifying the behavior of a species is called:

event analysis.

a functional description.

an ethogram.

an empirical description.

9. The comparison group in a nonequivalent control group design is called nonequivalent because __________.

subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups.

there are fewer subjects in this group compared to the treatment group.

there are more subjects in this group compared to the treatment group.

subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups.

10. The student teacher waited a week after being introduced to her subjects before conducting her observation in order to __________.

minimize reactivity

minimize subject bias

avoid observer bias

minimize reliability

11. A school psychologist compared the achievement scores of children who either had or had not been socially promoted. This study is using __________ data.

observational

archival

experimental

survey

12. As compared to indirect measures of behavior, direct observations have __________.

equal validity

greater validity

greater reliability

equal reliability