Select Questions

Chapter 1

1. Induction refers to the process of:

evaluating findings in the cycle of validation.

generalizing from the results of an experiment to situations outside the laboratory.

observing particular events and then formulating a generalization to explain them.

deriving predictions about what will happen in an experiment from a theory.

2. Rules of evidence are to __________ as acceptance of established truths is to authority.

facts

empirical sciences

intuition

deduction

3. Scientists who carefully evaluate the research of other scientists by questioning their work, by trying to replicate their work, or by testing rival hypotheses are engaging in the cycle of __________ phase of science.

discovery

validation

research

deduction

4. Consistency is to __________ as truthfulness is to __________.

reliability, validity

accuracy, reliability

reliability, consistency

validity, reliability

5. We use the term __________ to refer to the recorded measurements that are analyzed to reach conclusions in a study.

scores

observations

results

data

6. The approach to acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation is called __________.

deductive

replicative

inductive

empirical

7. Kohler devised a test situation where his theory and a competing theory led to different predictions. Such a test is called a(n) __________.

hypothesis evaluation

empirical test

induction

crucial experiment

8. When researchers derive a particular hypothesis from a theory, or predict what will happen in a particular test situation on the basis of a previously established principle, they are using:

a crucial experiment.

induction.

operationism.

deduction.

9. Mesmer's first step in testing his theory of animal magnetism on Fraulein Oesterline was to record her symptoms and the positions of the sun and moon over several months. This study would be classified as:

a passive-observational study.

induction.

being in the cycle of validation.

a crucial experiment.

10. B. F. Skinner varied the number of hours of food deprivation rats experienced prior to testing in his experiments as a way to .

conduct a crucial experiment on the causes of hunger

vary one thing at a time

operationally define hunger

define the test implications of hunger

11. Which of the following does NOT represent an operational definition of depression?

a score of 16 or more on the Beck Depression Inventory

a score of 20 or more on the Hamilton Depression Scale

crying more than three times a week

feelings of worthlessness and despair

12. The commissioners concluded that "the imagination without the magnetism produces convulsions, and that the magnetism without the imagination produces nothing." They were able to draw this clear-cut conclusion because their experiments met all of the following criteria EXCEPT:

varied one aspect of the situation at a time.

were crucial experiments pitting Mesmer's explanation against their own.

randomly assigned subjects to groups.

carefully controlled for rival explanations.